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Death penalty, amnesty laws, and forced disappearances: Three main topics of the inter-american
corpus juris in criminal law.
Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor y Pablo González Domínguez.
Fuente:
Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2015)
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Resumen:
This
article explores three of the richest and most contentious areas of the
Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Death
penalty
cases, amnesty law, and cased regarding forced disappearance. These
topics encompass some of the most pressing human rights issues in the
Inter-American System. For each topic, Ferrer Mac-Gregor and González
Domínguez provide a succinct but comprehensive view
of the Inter-American Court's jurisprudence, discuss the ways in which
the core principles of this jurisprudence have been applied in more
recent cases and developed into a
corpus juris, and provide concluding remarks about the continuous challenges facing both the Court and American states going forward.
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The relationship between Inter-American jurisdiction and States (national systems): Some pertinent questions.
Sergio García Ramírez.
Fuente:
Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2015)
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Resumen:
This
Article explores the complex and often vexing relationship between the
Inter-American Human Rights System and the domestic human rights
protections
within the system's member States. García Ramírez identifies a number
of challenges to implementing human rights protections in Latin America,
many of which are rooted in a history of authoritarianism in the
twentieth century and the nascent nature of the
region's democratic institutions. Yet he sees solutions in the role of
the Inter-American Court in the region. García Ramírez highlights the
Court's role in interpreting international human rights laws for the
region and the increasing role of national judges
in integrating these rights into national systems. Thus, with this body
of law as a baseline, he believes that through careful legal and
political dialogue and a greater exercise of conventionality control,
among other steps, the domestic and international
human rights regimes in the region can work together to ensure greater
respect for and protections of individual persons.
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The rules and the reality of petition procedures in the Inter-American Human Rights System.
Dinah Shelton.
Fuente:
Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2015)
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Resumen:
In
this essay, Professor Dinah Shelton draws on her personal experience as
a member of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to discuss
the
underlying causes of a "crisis of commitment" to the Inter-American
System of Human Rights. Shelton traces the roots of this crisis in large
part to the Inter-American petition procedures. Giving an in-depth
account of the structure of the Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights and the details of the petition procedures, Shelton
explores the issues of legitimacy, transparency, effectiveness, and
efficiency raised by various aspects of the petitioning process, and
discusses the various ways in which these issues in
the petition process contribute to the broader crisis of the system's
authority. She ultimately concludes with a series of proposed
reforms—ranging from radical to relatively simple—for improving the
structure and procedures of the Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights, with a view toward restoring the credibility of human
rights protections in the Americas.
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The Anglo-Latin Divide and the future of the Inter-American System of Human Rights.
Paolo Carozza.
Fuente:
Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2015)
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Resumen:
A
former President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,
Paolo Carozza, draws on his personal experience to identify and propose
solutions
for a key flaw in the Inter-American Human Rights System: The division
between english-language member States and States with latin-based
languages. Terming this division "The Anglo-Latin Divide," Carozza
traces the division not only to linguistic difference,
but also to differences in legal traditions. He explains how the
differences between anglo tradition of common law and the latin
tradition of civil law manifest in both substantive and procedural
divides within the Inter-American Human Rights System, including
in sensitive areas of the law such as right-to-life cases. Carozza
offers solutions for the future, ranging from changing the composition
of the Inter-American Court and Commission to the radical solution of
requiring universal ratification of the American
Convention on Human Rights. Ultimately, Carozza concludes that,
whatever the solution, the viability and strength of the Inter-American
system requires a much stronger effort to integrate the english-speaking
world into a latin-dominated system.
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Between idealism and realism: A few comparative reflections and proposals on the appointment process of the Inter-American
Commission and Court of Human Rights Members.
Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen.
Fuente:
Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2015)
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Resumen:
In
this article, Professor Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen, a renowned scholar
in European and Latin-American law, explores flaws in the process by
which
members are appointed to the Inter-American Commission and Court of
human rights, respectively. Seeking to strike a balance between
"Idealism" and "Realism," Burgorgue-Larsen seeks methods for improving
the independence and impartiality of the Commissioners
and Judges in the Inter-American System in the hopes of ultimately
lending greater credibility and legitimacy to the system as a whole.
Drawing comparisons to the appointment of judges on national and
international courts worldwide, Burgorgue-Larsen ultimately
produces specific suggestions for improving the appointment process,
ranging from scrutiny of candidates' human rights competencies and
language skills to increasing efforts to diversify the candidate pool,
particularly in terms of gender and ethnicity. She
concludes by suggesting that greater structural changes, including
adjustments to tenure and appointment procedures, might eventually prove
the best solution for ensuring the survival of the Inter-American
System.
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The Inter-American Court on Human Rights' jugdment in Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica and its implications for the
creation of abortion rights in the Inter-American System of Human Rights.
Ligia M. de Jesús.
Fuente:
Oregon Review of International Law, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2014)
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Resumen:
In
Artavia, the Inter-American Court on Human Rights addressed the meaning
of article 4(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights, which
recognizes
a person's right to life beginning at conception. The Court handed a
restrictive interpretation of this provision, holding that, before
implantation, the human embryo is not a person entitled to human rights
protection under the American Convention, while
redefining the term "conception" as implantation, not fertilization.
The Court also redefined article 4(1)'s terms "in general, from the
moment of conception" to mean that only gradual or incremental
protection should be given to prenatal life, depending on
the unborn child's physical stage of development. In addition, it held
that "personal decisions" to produce biological children by
in vitro
fertilization (IVF) were protected under the American Convention on
Human Rights. This article explores the decision's potential impact in
the creation of abortion rights in the
Inter-American System of Human Rights. It also assesses the judgment's
potential effects on Costa Rica and other States Parties to the American
Convention.
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Ó criterio inter-americano sobre anistias: Absolutismo de direitos humanos?
Fabia Fernandes Carvalho Veçoso.
Fuente:
Revista Derecho del Estado, No. 35 (2015)
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Resumen:
O
objetivo deste estudo é debater a argumentação desenvolvida pela Corte
Interamericana de Direitos Humanos relativamente a processos de
transição política
na América Latina. Em sua jurisprudência sobre o tema, a Corte
determinou a incompatibilidade entre legislações de anistias domésticas e
os dispositivos da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos. Sem buscar
definir a natureza ou o conteúdo de uma possível
obrigação internacional de julgar violações de direitos humanos, este
estudo analisa o posicionamento da Corte enquanto resultado de uma
atividade interpretativa; um discurso que reflete uma posição particular
do órgão, mas que é apresentado como algo universal.
Diversamente do entendimento da Corte, o argumento central deste
trabalho consiste em afirmar que, em contextos envolvendo mudança de
regime e violações de direitos, tanto anistias quanto julgamentos podem
ser alternativas justificadas com base em uma perspectiva
de direitos humanos. Nesse sentido, não seria possível apontar em
abstrato uma ou outra alternativa como a mais adequada, sob pena de
adoção de uma preferência ideológica.
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Las acciones afirmativas como mecanismos reivindicadores de la paridad de género en la participación política inclusiva:
Ecuador, Bolivia, Costa Rica y Colombia.
Gerardo Durango Álvarez.
Fuente:
Revista de derecho, No. 45 (2016)
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Resumen:
Este artículo
aborda el tema de las acciones afirmativas como mecanismo equiparador
de las desigualdades sociales, así como la participación real en los
espacios democráticos para grupos desaventajados. Las acciones
afirmativas han jugado un papel muy importante en la ampliación
de los espacios de participación política de las mujeres, indígenas y
afrodescendientes en la reivindicación de estos derechos obstruidos en
la práctica por parte de los partidos y movimientos políticos y parte de
quienes ostentan el poder.
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